The total income earned by a country's residents including net income from abroad; for remittance-heavy economies like Egypt, GNI captures household purchasing power better than GDP alone.
Related terms
- Inflation
The rate at which the general price level rises, eroding purchasing power; in Egypt and Nigeria double-digit inflation is a primary reason investors treat real…
- Infrastructure-led growth
Development demand created by new transport, utilities, or public investment.
- Labour force participation
The share of the working-age population that is employed or actively seeking work; low female participation across MENA is a key swing factor in household inco…
- Land-use planning
The public process of allocating land to residential, commercial, industrial, and other uses; weak or slow planning approvals are a chronic constraint on suppl…
- Land value capture
Public recovery of part of the land-value uplift created by infrastructure or planning.
- Mixed-use
Development combining residential, commercial, and other uses on one site.
- Placemaking
Designing spaces to create a distinctive, attractive sense of place that supports value.
- Policy rate (base rate)
The benchmark interest rate a central bank sets to steer the economy; it flows directly into mortgage and development-finance costs, so a hike from the CBE or…